function initialize!(
        integrator,
        cache::Union{
            AB3ConstantCache,
            AB4ConstantCache,
            AB5ConstantCache,
            ABM32ConstantCache,
            ABM43ConstantCache,
            ABM54ConstantCache,
        }
    )
    integrator.fsalfirst = integrator.f(integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # Pre-start fsal
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    integrator.k = typeof(integrator.k)(undef, integrator.kshortsize)

    # Avoid undefined entries if k is an array of arrays
    integrator.fsallast = zero(integrator.fsalfirst)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    return integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
end

function initialize!(
        integrator,
        cache::Union{
            AB3Cache,
            AB4Cache,
            AB5Cache,
            ABM32Cache,
            ABM43Cache,
            ABM54Cache,
        }
    )
    (; fsalfirst, k) = cache

    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    resize!(integrator.k, integrator.kshortsize)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.f(integrator.fsalfirst, integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # pre-start FSAL
    return OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::AB3ConstantCache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; k2, k3) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    cnt = cache.step
    if cache.step <= 2
        cache.step += 1
        ttmp = t + (2 / 3) * dt
        ralk2 = f(uprev + (2 / 3) * dt * k1, p, ttmp)       #Ralston Method
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        u = uprev + (dt / 4) * (k1 + 3 * ralk2)
        if cnt == 1
            k3 = k1
        else
            k2 = k1
        end
    else
        u = uprev + (dt / 12) * (23 * k1 - 16 * k2 + 5 * k3)
        k3 = k2
        k2 = k1
    end
    cache.k2 = k2
    cache.k3 = k3
    integrator.fsallast = f(u, p, t + dt)
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.u = u
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::AB3Cache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; tmp, fsalfirst, k2, k3, ralk2, k, thread) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    cnt = cache.step
    if cache.step <= 2
        cache.step += 1
        ttmp = t + (2 / 3) * dt
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + (2 / 3) * dt * k1
        f(ralk2, tmp, p, ttmp)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev + (dt / 4) * (k1 + 3 * ralk2)        #Ralston Method
        if cnt == 1
            cache.k3 .= k1
        else
            cache.k2 .= k1
        end
    else
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev + (dt / 12) * (23 * k1 - 16 * k2 + 5 * k3)
        cache.k2, cache.k3 = k3, k2
        cache.k2 .= k1
    end
    f(k, u, p, t + dt)
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::ABM32ConstantCache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; k2, k3) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    cnt = cache.step
    if cache.step == 1
        cache.step += 1
        ttmp = t + (2 / 3) * dt
        ralk2 = f(uprev + (2 / 3) * dt * k1, p, ttmp)     #Ralston Method
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        u = uprev + (dt / 4) * (k1 + 3 * ralk2)
        k2 = k1
    else
        perform_step!(integrator, AB3ConstantCache(k2, k3, cnt))
        k = integrator.fsallast
        u = uprev + (dt / 12) * (5 * k + 8 * k1 - k2)
        k3 = k2
        k2 = k1
    end
    cache.k2 = k2
    cache.k3 = k3
    integrator.fsallast = f(u, p, t + dt)
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.u = u
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::ABM32Cache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; tmp, fsalfirst, k2, k3, ralk2, k, thread) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    cnt = cache.step
    if cache.step == 1
        cache.step += 1
        ttmp = t + (2 / 3) * dt
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + (2 / 3) * dt * k1
        f(ralk2, tmp, p, ttmp)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev + (dt / 4) * (k1 + 3 * ralk2)       #Ralston Method
        cache.k2 .= k1
    else
        if cnt == 2
            perform_step!(
                integrator,
                AB3Cache(u, uprev, fsalfirst, copy(k2), k3, ralk2, k, tmp, cnt, thread)
            )  #Here passing copy of k2, otherwise it will change in AB3()
        else
            perform_step!(
                integrator,
                AB3Cache(u, uprev, fsalfirst, k2, k3, ralk2, k, tmp, cnt, thread)
            )
        end
        k = integrator.fsallast
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev + (dt / 12) * (5 * k + 8 * k1 - k2)
        cache.k2, cache.k3 = k3, k2
        cache.k2 .= k1
    end
    f(k, u, p, t + dt)
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::AB4ConstantCache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; k2, k3, k4) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    cnt = cache.step
    if cache.step <= 3
        cache.step += 1
        halfdt = dt / 2
        ttmp = t + halfdt
        k2 = f(uprev + halfdt * k1, p, ttmp)
        k3 = f(uprev + halfdt * k2, p, ttmp)
        k4 = f(uprev + dt * k3, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 3)
        u = uprev + (dt / 6) * (2 * (k2 + k3) + (k1 + k4))   #RK4
        if cnt == 1
            cache.k4 = k1
        elseif cnt == 2
            cache.k3 = k1
        else
            cache.k2 = k1
        end
    else
        u = uprev + (dt / 24) * (55 * k1 - 59 * k2 + 37 * k3 - 9 * k4)
        cache.k4 = k3
        cache.k3 = k2
        cache.k2 = k1
    end
    integrator.fsallast = f(u, p, t + dt)
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.u = u
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::AB4Cache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; tmp, fsalfirst, k2, k3, k4, ralk2, k, t2, t3, t4, thread) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    cnt = cache.step
    if cache.step <= 3
        cache.step += 1
        halfdt = dt / 2
        ttmp = t + halfdt
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + halfdt * k1
        f(t2, tmp, p, ttmp)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + halfdt * t2
        f(t3, tmp, p, ttmp)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + dt * t3
        f(t4, tmp, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 3)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev + (dt / 6) * (2 * (t2 + t3) + (k1 + t4))   #RK4
        if cnt == 1
            cache.k4 .= k1
        elseif cnt == 2
            cache.k3 .= k1
        else
            cache.k2 .= k1
        end
    else
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev +
            (dt / 24) *
            (55 * k1 - 59 * k2 + 37 * k3 - 9 * k4)
        cache.k4, cache.k3 = k3, k4
        cache.k3 .= k2
        cache.k2 .= k1
    end
    f(k, u, p, t + dt)
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::ABM43ConstantCache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; k2, k3, k4) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    cnt = cache.step
    if cache.step <= 2
        cache.step += 1
        halfdt = dt / 2
        ttmp = t + halfdt
        k2 = f(uprev + halfdt * k1, p, ttmp)
        k3 = f(uprev + halfdt * k2, p, ttmp)
        k4 = f(uprev + dt * k3, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 3)
        u = uprev + (dt / 6) * (2 * (k2 + k3) + (k1 + k4))   #RK4
        if cnt == 1
            cache.k3 = k1
        else
            cache.k2 = k1
        end
    else
        perform_step!(integrator, AB4ConstantCache(k2, k3, k4, cnt))
        k = integrator.fsallast
        u = uprev + (dt / 24) * (9 * k + 19 * k1 - 5 * k2 + k3)
        cache.k4 = k3
        cache.k3 = k2
        cache.k2 = k1
    end
    integrator.fsallast = f(u, p, t + dt)
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.u = u
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::ABM43Cache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; tmp, fsalfirst, k2, k3, k4, ralk2, k, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, thread) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    cnt = cache.step
    if cache.step <= 2
        cache.step += 1
        halfdt = dt / 2
        ttmp = t + halfdt
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + halfdt * k1
        f(t2, tmp, p, ttmp)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + halfdt * t2
        f(t3, tmp, p, ttmp)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + dt * t3
        f(t4, tmp, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 3)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev + (dt / 6) * (2 * (t2 + t3) + (k1 + t4))   #RK4
        if cnt == 1
            cache.k3 .= k1
        else
            cache.k2 .= k1
        end
    else
        t2 .= k2
        t3 .= k3
        t4 .= k4
        perform_step!(
            integrator,
            AB4Cache(
                u, uprev, fsalfirst, t2, t3, t4, ralk2, k, tmp, t5, t6, t7,
                cnt, thread
            )
        )
        k = integrator.fsallast
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev +
            (dt / 24) * (9 * k + 19 * k1 - 5 * k2 + k3)
        cache.k4, cache.k3 = k3, k4
        cache.k3 .= k2
        cache.k2 .= k1
    end
    f(k, u, p, t + dt)
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::AB5ConstantCache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; k2, k3, k4, k5) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    if cache.step <= 4
        cnt = cache.step
        cache.step += 1
        halfdt = dt / 2
        ttmp = t + halfdt
        k2 = f(uprev + halfdt * k1, p, ttmp)
        k3 = f(uprev + halfdt * k2, p, ttmp)
        k4 = f(uprev + dt * k3, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 3)
        u = uprev + (dt / 6) * (2 * (k2 + k3) + (k1 + k4))  #RK4
        if cnt == 1
            cache.k5 = k1
        elseif cnt == 2
            cache.k4 = k1
        elseif cnt == 3
            cache.k3 = k1
        else
            cache.k2 = k1
        end
    else
        u = uprev + (dt / 720) * (1901 * k1 - 2774 * k2 + 2616 * k3 - 1274 * k4 + 251 * k5)
        cache.k5 = k4
        cache.k4 = k3
        cache.k3 = k2
        cache.k2 = k1
    end
    integrator.fsallast = f(u, p, t + dt)
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.u = u
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::AB5Cache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; tmp, fsalfirst, k2, k3, k4, k5, k, t2, t3, t4, thread) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    cnt = cache.step
    if cache.step <= 4
        cache.step += 1
        halfdt = dt / 2
        ttmp = t + halfdt
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + halfdt * k1
        f(t2, tmp, p, ttmp)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + halfdt * t2
        f(t3, tmp, p, ttmp)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + dt * t3
        f(t4, tmp, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev + (dt / 6) * (2 * (t2 + t3) + (k1 + t4))   #RK4
        if cnt == 1
            cache.k5 .= k1
        elseif cnt == 2
            cache.k4 .= k1
        elseif cnt == 3
            cache.k3 .= k1
        else
            cache.k2 .= k1
        end
    else
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev +
            (dt / 720) *
            (
            1901 * k1 - 2774 * k2 + 2616 * k3 - 1274 * k4 +
                251 * k5
        )
        cache.k5, cache.k4 = k4, k5
        cache.k4 .= k3
        cache.k3 .= k2
        cache.k2 .= k1
    end
    f(k, u, p, t + dt)
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::ABM54ConstantCache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; k2, k3, k4, k5) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    cnt = cache.step
    if cache.step <= 3
        cache.step += 1
        halfdt = dt / 2
        ttmp = t + halfdt
        k2 = f(uprev + halfdt * k1, p, ttmp)
        k3 = f(uprev + halfdt * k2, p, ttmp)
        k4 = f(uprev + dt * k3, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 3)
        u = uprev + (dt / 6) * (2 * (k2 + k3) + (k1 + k4))   #RK4
        if cnt == 1
            cache.k4 = k1
        elseif cnt == 2
            cache.k3 = k1
        else
            cache.k2 = k1
        end
    else
        perform_step!(integrator, AB5ConstantCache(k2, k3, k4, k5, cnt))
        k = integrator.fsallast
        u = uprev + (dt / 720) * (251 * k + 646 * k1 - 264 * k2 + 106 * k3 - 19 * k4)
        cache.k5 = k4
        cache.k4 = k3
        cache.k3 = k2
        cache.k2 = k1
    end
    integrator.fsallast = f(u, p, t + dt)
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.u = u
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::ABM54Cache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; tmp, fsalfirst, k2, k3, k4, k5, k, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, t8, thread) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    cnt = cache.step
    if cache.step <= 3
        cache.step += 1
        halfdt = dt / 2
        ttmp = t + halfdt
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + halfdt * k1
        f(t2, tmp, p, ttmp)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + halfdt * t2
        f(t3, tmp, p, ttmp)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread tmp = uprev + dt * t3
        f(t4, tmp, p, t + dt)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev + (dt / 6) * (2 * (t2 + t3) + (k1 + t4))   #RK4
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 3)
        if cnt == 1
            cache.k4 .= k1
        elseif cnt == 2
            cache.k3 .= k1
        else
            cache.k2 .= k1
        end
    else
        t2 .= k2
        t3 .= k3
        t4 .= k4
        t5 .= k5
        perform_step!(
            integrator,
            AB5Cache(
                u, uprev, fsalfirst, t2, t3, t4, t5, k, tmp, t6, t7, t8,
                cnt, thread
            )
        )
        k = integrator.fsallast
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev +
            (dt / 720) *
            (
            251 * k + 646 * k1 - 264 * k2 + 106 * k3 -
                19 * k4
        )
        cache.k5, cache.k4 = k4, k5
        cache.k4 .= k3
        cache.k3 .= k2
        cache.k2 .= k1
    end
    f(k, u, p, t + dt)
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

# Variable Step Size Multistep Methods

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCAB3ConstantCache)
    integrator.fsalfirst = integrator.f(integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # Pre-start fsal
    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    integrator.k = typeof(integrator.k)(undef, integrator.kshortsize)

    # Avoid undefined entries if k is an array of arrays
    integrator.fsallast = zero(integrator.fsalfirst)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    return integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCAB3ConstantCache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; dts, g, ϕ_n, ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1, order, tab) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    k = cache.step
    tmp = dts[3]
    if k == 1
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 2
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    else
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
    end
    ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, k)
    if k == 1 || k == 2
        perform_step!(integrator, tab)
    else
        g_coefs!(cache, k)
        u = uprev
        for i in 1:k
            u += g[i] * ϕstar_n[i]
        end
        if integrator.opts.adaptive
            utilde = g[k] * ϕstar_n[k]      # Using lower order AB from subset of coefficients
            atmp = calculate_residuals(
                utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm,
                t
            )
            integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
            if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                for i in 1:2
                    dts[i] = dts[i + 1]
                end
                dts[3] = tmp
                return nothing
            end
        end
        integrator.fsallast = f(u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
        integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
        integrator.u = u
    end
    cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
end

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCAB3Cache)
    (; fsalfirst, k4) = cache

    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    resize!(integrator.k, integrator.kshortsize)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.f(integrator.fsalfirst, integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # pre-start FSAL
    return OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCAB3Cache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; k4, dts, g, ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1, order, atmp, utilde, bs3cache, thread) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    k = cache.step
    tmp = dts[3]
    if k == 1
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 2
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    else
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
    end
    ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, k)
    if k == 1 || k == 2
        perform_step!(integrator, bs3cache)
        (; k4) = bs3cache
        integrator.fsallast .= k4
    else
        g_coefs!(cache, k)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev
        for i in 1:k
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u += g[i] * ϕstar_n[i]
        end
        if integrator.opts.adaptive
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread utilde = g[k] * ϕstar_n[k]    # Using lower order AB from subset of coefficients
            calculate_residuals!(
                atmp, utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm, t
            )
            integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
            if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                for i in 1:2
                    dts[i] = dts[i + 1]
                end
                dts[3] = tmp
                return nothing
            end
        end
        f(k4, u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    end
    cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
end

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCAB4ConstantCache)
    integrator.fsalfirst = integrator.f(integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # Pre-start fsal
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    integrator.k = typeof(integrator.k)(undef, integrator.kshortsize)

    # Avoid undefined entries if k is an array of arrays
    integrator.fsallast = zero(integrator.fsalfirst)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    return integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCAB4ConstantCache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; dts, g, ϕ_n, ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1, order, rk4constcache) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    k = cache.step
    tmp = dts[4]
    if k == 1
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 2
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 3
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    else
        dts[4] = dts[3]
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
    end
    ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, k)
    if k == 1 || k == 2 || k == 3
        perform_step!(integrator, rk4constcache)
    else
        g_coefs!(cache, k)
        u = uprev
        for i in 1:k
            u += g[i] * ϕstar_n[i]
        end
        if integrator.opts.adaptive
            utilde = g[k] * ϕstar_n[k]
            atmp = calculate_residuals(
                utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm,
                t
            )
            integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
            if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                for i in 1:3
                    dts[i] = dts[i + 1]
                end
                dts[4] = tmp
                return nothing
            end
        end
        integrator.fsallast = f(u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
        integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
        integrator.u = u
    end
    cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
end

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCAB4Cache)
    (; fsalfirst, k4) = cache

    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    resize!(integrator.k, integrator.kshortsize)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.f(integrator.fsalfirst, integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # pre-start FSAL
    return OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCAB4Cache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (;
        k4, dts, g, ϕ_n, ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1, order, atmp, utilde, rk4cache,
        thread,
    ) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    k = cache.step
    tmp = dts[4]
    if k == 1
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 2
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 3
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    else
        dts[4] = dts[3]
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
    end
    ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, k)
    if k == 1 || k == 2 || k == 3
        rk4cache.fsalfirst .= k1
        perform_step!(integrator, rk4cache)
        integrator.fsallast .= rk4cache.k
    else
        g_coefs!(cache, k)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev
        for i in 1:k
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u += g[i] * ϕstar_n[i]
        end
        if integrator.opts.adaptive
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread utilde = g[k] * ϕstar_n[k]
            calculate_residuals!(
                atmp, utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm, t
            )
            integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
            if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                for i in 1:3
                    dts[i] = dts[i + 1]
                end
                dts[4] = tmp
                return nothing
            end
        end
        f(k4, u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    end
    cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
end

# VCAB5

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCAB5ConstantCache)
    integrator.fsalfirst = integrator.f(integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # Pre-start fsal
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    integrator.k = typeof(integrator.k)(undef, integrator.kshortsize)

    # Avoid undefined entries if k is an array of arrays
    integrator.fsallast = zero(integrator.fsalfirst)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    return integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCAB5ConstantCache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; dts, g, ϕ_n, ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1, order, rk4constcache) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    k = cache.step
    tmp = dts[5]
    if k == 1
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 2
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 3
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 4
        dts[4] = dts[3]
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    else
        dts[5] = dts[4]
        dts[4] = dts[3]
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
    end
    ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, k)
    if k == 1 || k == 2 || k == 3 || k == 4
        perform_step!(integrator, rk4constcache)
    else
        g_coefs!(cache, k)
        u = uprev
        for i in 1:k
            u += g[i] * ϕstar_n[i]
        end
        if integrator.opts.adaptive
            utilde = g[k] * ϕstar_n[k]
            atmp = calculate_residuals(
                utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm,
                t
            )
            integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
            if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                for i in 1:4
                    dts[i] = dts[i + 1]
                end
                dts[5] = tmp
                return nothing
            end
        end
        integrator.fsallast = f(u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
        integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
        integrator.u = u
    end
    cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
end

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCAB5Cache)
    (; fsalfirst, k4) = cache

    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    resize!(integrator.k, integrator.kshortsize)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.f(integrator.fsalfirst, integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # pre-start FSAL
    return OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCAB5Cache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (;
        k4, dts, g, ϕ_n, ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1, order, atmp, utilde, rk4cache,
        thread,
    ) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    k = cache.step
    tmp = dts[5]
    if k == 1
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 2
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 3
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 4
        dts[4] = dts[3]
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    else
        dts[5] = dts[4]
        dts[4] = dts[3]
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
    end
    ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, k)
    if k == 1 || k == 2 || k == 3 || k == 4
        rk4cache.fsalfirst .= k1
        perform_step!(integrator, rk4cache)
        integrator.fsallast .= rk4cache.k
    else
        g_coefs!(cache, k)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev
        for i in 1:k
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u += g[i] * ϕstar_n[i]
        end
        if integrator.opts.adaptive
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread utilde = g[k] * ϕstar_n[k]
            calculate_residuals!(
                atmp, utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm, t
            )
            integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
            if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                for i in 1:4
                    dts[i] = dts[i + 1]
                end
                dts[5] = tmp
                return nothing
            end
        end
        f(k4, u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    end
    cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
end

# VCABM3

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCABM3ConstantCache)
    integrator.fsalfirst = integrator.f(integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # Pre-start fsal
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    integrator.k = typeof(integrator.k)(undef, integrator.kshortsize)

    # Avoid undefined entries if k is an array of arrays
    integrator.fsallast = zero(integrator.fsalfirst)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    return integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCABM3ConstantCache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; dts, g, ϕ_n, ϕ_np1, ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1, order, tab) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    k = cache.step
    tmp = dts[3]
    if k == 1
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 2
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    else
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
    end
    ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, k)
    if k == 1 || k == 2
        perform_step!(integrator, tab)
    else
        g_coefs!(cache, k + 1)
        u = uprev
        for i in 1:(k - 1)
            u += g[i] * ϕstar_n[i]
        end
        du_np1 = f(u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        ϕ_np1!(cache, du_np1, k + 1)
        u += g[end - 1] * ϕ_np1[end - 1]
        if integrator.opts.adaptive
            utilde = (g[end] - g[end - 1]) * ϕ_np1[end]
            atmp = calculate_residuals(
                utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm,
                t
            )
            integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
            if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                for i in 1:2
                    dts[i] = dts[i + 1]
                end
                dts[3] = tmp
                return nothing
            end
        end
        integrator.fsallast = f(u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
        integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
        integrator.u = u
    end
    cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
end

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCABM3Cache)
    (; fsalfirst, k4) = cache

    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    resize!(integrator.k, integrator.kshortsize)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.f(integrator.fsalfirst, integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # pre-start FSAL
    return OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCABM3Cache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (;
        k4, dts, g, ϕstar_n, ϕ_np1, ϕstar_nm1, order, atmp, utilde, bs3cache,
        thread,
    ) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    k = cache.step
    tmp = dts[3]
    if k == 1
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 2
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    else
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
    end
    ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, k)
    if k == 1 || k == 2
        perform_step!(integrator, bs3cache)
        (; k4) = bs3cache
        integrator.fsallast .= k4
    else
        g_coefs!(cache, k + 1)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev
        for i in 1:(k - 1)
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u += g[i] * ϕstar_n[i]
        end
        f(k4, u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        ϕ_np1!(cache, k4, k + 1)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u += g[end - 1] * ϕ_np1[end - 1]
        if integrator.opts.adaptive
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread utilde = (g[end] - g[end - 1]) * ϕ_np1[end]
            calculate_residuals!(
                atmp, utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm, t
            )
            integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
            if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                for i in 1:2
                    dts[i] = dts[i + 1]
                end
                dts[3] = tmp
                return nothing
            end
        end
        f(k4, u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    end
    cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
end

# VCABM4

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCABM4ConstantCache)
    integrator.fsalfirst = integrator.f(integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # Pre-start fsal
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    integrator.k = typeof(integrator.k)(undef, integrator.kshortsize)

    # Avoid undefined entries if k is an array of arrays
    integrator.fsallast = zero(integrator.fsalfirst)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    return integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCABM4ConstantCache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; dts, g, ϕ_n, ϕ_np1, ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1, order, rk4constcache) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    k = cache.step
    tmp = dts[4]
    if k == 1
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 2
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 3
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    else
        dts[4] = dts[3]
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
    end
    ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, k)
    if k == 1 || k == 2 || k == 3
        perform_step!(integrator, rk4constcache)
    else
        g_coefs!(cache, k + 1)
        u = uprev
        for i in 1:(k - 1)
            u += g[i] * ϕstar_n[i]
        end
        du_np1 = f(u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        ϕ_np1!(cache, du_np1, k + 1)
        u += g[end - 1] * ϕ_np1[end - 1]
        if integrator.opts.adaptive
            utilde = (g[end] - g[end - 1]) * ϕ_np1[end]
            atmp = calculate_residuals(
                utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm,
                t
            )
            integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
            if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                for i in 1:3
                    dts[i] = dts[i + 1]
                end
                dts[4] = tmp
                return nothing
            end
        end
        integrator.fsallast = f(u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
        integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
        integrator.u = u
    end
    cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
end

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCABM4Cache)
    (; fsalfirst, k4) = cache

    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    resize!(integrator.k, integrator.kshortsize)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.f(integrator.fsalfirst, integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # pre-start FSAL
    return OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCABM4Cache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (;
        k4, dts, g, ϕstar_n, ϕ_np1, ϕstar_nm1, order, atmp, utilde, rk4cache,
        thread,
    ) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    k = cache.step
    tmp = dts[4]
    if k == 1
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 2
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 3
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    else
        dts[4] = dts[3]
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
    end
    ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, k)
    if k == 1 || k == 2 || k == 3
        rk4cache.fsalfirst .= k1
        perform_step!(integrator, rk4cache)
        integrator.fsallast .= rk4cache.k
    else
        g_coefs!(cache, k + 1)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = uprev
        for i in 1:(k - 1)
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u += g[i] * ϕstar_n[i]
        end
        f(k4, u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        ϕ_np1!(cache, k4, k + 1)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u += g[end - 1] * ϕ_np1[end - 1]
        if integrator.opts.adaptive
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread utilde = (g[end] - g[end - 1]) * ϕ_np1[end]
            calculate_residuals!(
                atmp, utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm, t
            )
            integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
            if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                for i in 1:3
                    dts[i] = dts[i + 1]
                end
                dts[4] = tmp
                return nothing
            end
        end
        f(k4, u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    end
    cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
end

# VCABM5

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCABM5ConstantCache)
    integrator.fsalfirst = integrator.f(integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # Pre-start fsal
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    integrator.k = typeof(integrator.k)(undef, integrator.kshortsize)

    # Avoid undefined entries if k is an array of arrays
    integrator.fsallast = zero(integrator.fsalfirst)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    return integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCABM5ConstantCache, repeat_step = false)
    (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
    (; dts, g, ϕ_n, ϕ_np1, ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1, order, rk4constcache) = cache
    k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
    if integrator.u_modified
        cache.step = 1
    end
    k = cache.step
    tmp = dts[5]
    if k == 1
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 2
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 3
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    elseif k == 4
        dts[4] = dts[3]
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
        cache.step += 1
    else
        dts[5] = dts[4]
        dts[4] = dts[3]
        dts[3] = dts[2]
        dts[2] = dts[1]
        dts[1] = dt
    end
    ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, k)
    if k == 1 || k == 2 || k == 3 || k == 4
        perform_step!(integrator, rk4constcache)
    else
        g_coefs!(cache, k + 1)
        u = uprev
        for i in 1:(k - 1)
            u += g[i] * ϕstar_n[i]
        end
        du_np1 = f(u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        ϕ_np1!(cache, du_np1, k + 1)
        u += g[end - 1] * ϕ_np1[end - 1]
        if integrator.opts.adaptive
            utilde = (g[end] - g[end - 1]) * ϕ_np1[end]
            atmp = calculate_residuals(
                utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm,
                t
            )
            integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
            if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                for i in 1:4
                    dts[i] = dts[i + 1]
                end
                dts[5] = tmp
                return nothing
            end
        end
        integrator.fsallast = f(u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
        integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
        integrator.u = u
    end
    cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
end

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCABM5Cache)
    (; fsalfirst, k4) = cache

    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    resize!(integrator.k, integrator.kshortsize)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.f(integrator.fsalfirst, integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # pre-start FSAL
    return OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCABM5Cache, repeat_step = false)
    @inbounds begin
        (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
        (;
            k4, dts, g, ϕ_n, ϕ_np1, ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1,
            order, atmp, utilde, rk4cache, thread,
        ) = cache
        k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
        if integrator.u_modified
            cache.step = 1
        end
        k = cache.step
        tmp = dts[5]
        if k == 5
            dts[5] = dts[4]
            dts[4] = dts[3]
            dts[3] = dts[2]
            dts[2] = dts[1]
            dts[1] = dt
        elseif k == 1
            dts[1] = dt
            cache.step += 1
        elseif k == 2
            dts[2] = dts[1]
            dts[1] = dt
            cache.step += 1
        elseif k == 3
            dts[3] = dts[2]
            dts[2] = dts[1]
            dts[1] = dt
            cache.step += 1
        elseif k == 4
            dts[4] = dts[3]
            dts[3] = dts[2]
            dts[2] = dts[1]
            dts[1] = dt
            cache.step += 1
        end
        ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, 5)
        if k <= 4
            rk4cache.fsalfirst .= k1
            perform_step!(integrator, rk4cache)
            integrator.fsallast .= rk4cache.k
        else
            g_coefs!(cache, 6)
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = muladd(g[1], ϕstar_n[1], uprev)
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = muladd(g[2], ϕstar_n[2], u)
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = muladd(g[3], ϕstar_n[3], u)
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = muladd(g[4], ϕstar_n[4], u)
            f(k4, u, p, t + dt)
            OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
            ϕ_np1!(cache, k4, 6)
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = muladd(g[6 - 1], ϕ_np1[6 - 1], u)
            if integrator.opts.adaptive
                @.. broadcast = false thread = thread utilde = (g[6] - g[6 - 1]) * ϕ_np1[end]
                calculate_residuals!(
                    atmp, utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                    integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm,
                    t
                )
                integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
                if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                    dts[1] = dts[2]
                    dts[2] = dts[3]
                    dts[4] = dts[5]
                    dts[5] = tmp
                    return nothing
                end
            end
            cache.ϕstar_nm1[1] .= ϕstar_n[1]
            cache.ϕstar_nm1[2] .= ϕstar_n[2]
            cache.ϕstar_nm1[3] .= ϕstar_n[3]
            cache.ϕstar_nm1[4] .= ϕstar_n[4]
            f(k4, u, p, t + dt)
            OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        end
        cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
        return nothing
    end # inbounds
end

# VCABM

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCABMConstantCache)
    integrator.fsalfirst = integrator.f(integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # Pre-start fsal
    OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    integrator.k = typeof(integrator.k)(undef, integrator.kshortsize)

    # Avoid undefined entries if k is an array of arrays
    integrator.fsallast = zero(integrator.fsalfirst)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    return integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCABMConstantCache, repeat_step = false)
    @inbounds begin
        (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
        (; dts, g, ϕ_n, ϕ_np1, ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1, order, max_order) = cache
        k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
        step = integrator.iter
        k = order
        tmp = dts[13]
        for i in 12:-1:1
            dts[i + 1] = dts[i]
        end
        dts[1] = dt
        ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, k)
        g_coefs!(cache, k + 1)
        u = muladd(g[1], ϕstar_n[1], uprev)
        for i in 2:(k - 1)
            u = muladd(g[i], ϕstar_n[i], u)
        end
        du_np1 = f(u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        ϕ_np1!(cache, du_np1, k + 1)
        u = muladd(g[k], ϕ_np1[k], u)
        if integrator.opts.adaptive
            utilde = (g[k + 1] - g[k]) * ϕ_np1[k + 1]
            atmp = calculate_residuals(
                utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm,
                t
            )
            integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
            if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                for i in 1:12
                    dts[i] = dts[i + 1]
                end
                dts[13] = tmp
                return nothing
            end
            integrator.fsallast = f(u, p, t + dt)
            OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
            if step <= 4 || order < 3
                cache.order = min(order + 1, 3)
            else
                # utildem2 = dt * γstar[(k-2)+1] * ϕ_np1[k-1]
                utildem2 = (g[k - 1] - g[k - 2]) * ϕ_np1[k - 1]
                # utildem1 = dt * γstar[(k-1)+1] * ϕ_np1[k]
                utildem1 = (g[k] - g[k - 1]) * ϕ_np1[k]
                expand_ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k + 1)
                ϕ_np1!(cache, integrator.fsallast, k + 2)
                utildep1 = dt * γstar[(k + 1) + 1] * ϕ_np1[k + 2]
                atmpm2 = calculate_residuals(
                    utildem2, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                    integrator.opts.reltol,
                    integrator.opts.internalnorm, t
                )
                atmpm1 = calculate_residuals(
                    utildem1, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                    integrator.opts.reltol,
                    integrator.opts.internalnorm, t
                )
                atmpp1 = calculate_residuals(
                    utildep1, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                    integrator.opts.reltol,
                    integrator.opts.internalnorm, t
                )
                errm2 = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmpm2, t)
                errm1 = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmpm1, t)
                errp1 = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmpp1, t)
                if max(errm2, errm1) <= integrator.EEst
                    cache.order = order - 1
                elseif errp1 < integrator.EEst
                    cache.order = min(order + 1, max_order)
                    integrator.EEst = one(integrator.EEst)   # for keeping the stepsize constant in the next step
                end # if
            end # step <= 4
        end # integrator.opts.adaptive
        cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
        integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
        integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
        integrator.u = u
        return nothing
    end
end

function initialize!(integrator, cache::VCABMCache)
    (; fsalfirst, k4) = cache

    integrator.kshortsize = 2
    resize!(integrator.k, integrator.kshortsize)
    integrator.k[1] = integrator.fsalfirst
    integrator.k[2] = integrator.fsallast
    integrator.f(integrator.fsalfirst, integrator.uprev, integrator.p, integrator.t) # pre-start FSAL
    return OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
end

@muladd function perform_step!(integrator, cache::VCABMCache, repeat_step = false)
    @inbounds begin
        (; t, dt, uprev, u, f, p) = integrator
        (;
            k4, dts, g, ϕ_n, ϕ_np1, ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1, order, max_order, utilde,
            utildem2, utildem1, utildep1, atmp, atmpm1, atmpm2, atmpp1, thread,
        ) = cache
        k1 = integrator.fsalfirst
        step = integrator.iter
        k = order
        tmp = dts[13]
        for i in 12:-1:1
            dts[i + 1] = dts[i]
        end
        dts[1] = dt
        ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k1, k)
        g_coefs!(cache, k + 1)
        # unroll the predictor once
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = muladd(g[1], ϕstar_n[1], uprev)
        for i in 2:(k - 1)
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = muladd(g[i], ϕstar_n[i], u)
        end
        f(k4, u, p, t + dt)
        OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
        ϕ_np1!(cache, k4, k + 1)
        @.. broadcast = false thread = thread u = muladd(g[k], ϕ_np1[k], u)
        if integrator.opts.adaptive
            @.. broadcast = false thread = thread utilde = (g[k + 1] - g[k]) * ϕ_np1[k + 1]
            calculate_residuals!(
                atmp, utilde, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm, t
            )
            integrator.EEst = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmp, t)
            if integrator.EEst > one(integrator.EEst)
                for i in 1:12
                    dts[i] = dts[i + 1]
                end
                dts[13] = tmp
                return nothing
            end
            f(k4, u, p, t + dt)
            OrdinaryDiffEqCore.increment_nf!(integrator.stats, 1)
            if step <= 4 || order < 3
                cache.order = min(order + 1, 3)
            else
                # @.. broadcast=false thread=thread utildem2 = dt * γstar[(k-2)+1] * ϕ_np1[k-1]
                @.. broadcast = false thread = thread utildem2 = (g[k - 1] - g[k - 2]) *
                    ϕ_np1[k - 1]
                # @.. broadcast=false thread=thread utildem1 = dt * γstar[(k-1)+1] * ϕ_np1[k]
                @.. broadcast = false thread = thread utildem1 = (g[k] - g[k - 1]) * ϕ_np1[k]
                expand_ϕ_and_ϕstar!(cache, k + 1)
                ϕ_np1!(cache, k4, k + 2)
                @.. broadcast = false thread = thread utildep1 = dt * γstar[(k + 1) + 1] *
                    ϕ_np1[k + 2]
                calculate_residuals!(
                    atmpm2, utildem2, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                    integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm,
                    t
                )
                calculate_residuals!(
                    atmpm1, utildem1, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                    integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm,
                    t
                )
                calculate_residuals!(
                    atmpp1, utildep1, uprev, u, integrator.opts.abstol,
                    integrator.opts.reltol, integrator.opts.internalnorm,
                    t
                )
                errm2 = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmpm2, t)
                errm1 = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmpm1, t)
                errp1 = integrator.opts.internalnorm(atmpp1, t)
                if max(errm2, errm1) <= integrator.EEst
                    cache.order = order - 1
                elseif errp1 < integrator.EEst
                    cache.order = min(order + 1, max_order)
                    integrator.EEst = one(integrator.EEst)    # for keeping the stepsize constant in the next step
                end
            end
        end
        cache.ϕstar_nm1, cache.ϕstar_n = ϕstar_n, ϕstar_nm1
        return nothing
    end # inbounds
end
